Boards of supervisors shall have general supervision, management, and control of the county highways.

The board of supervisors may lay out, acquire, construct, and maintain any section or portion of any street or highway within the county as a freeway or expressway and may make any existing street or highway a freeway or expressway.

Boards of supervisors may close any street or highway within their jurisdiction at or near the point of its intersection with any freeway, or may make provision for carrying such street or highway over, under, or to a connection with the freeway, and may do any and all work on such street or highway as is necessary therefor.

No public highway shall be converted into a freeway except with the consent of the owners of abutting lands or the purchase or condemnation of their right of access thereto.

Before taking any action authorized by Section 941.2 affecting any state highway, such action must be approved by the Department of Public Works.

If the boundary line between two adjacent counties lies within a county highway, the boards of supervisors of the affected counties may, by agreement, provide for the improvement, maintenance, construction, or reconstruction of all or part of the highway by either or both counties, and each county may expend funds available to it for the improvements and maintenance of county highways as necessary for its performance of the agreement.

Such boards may enact and enforce ordinances and regulations for the construction, improvement or maintenance of county highways, and for the protection, supervision, management, control, or use of such highways. Any such board may by a four-fifths vote of all its members let county equipment used in the maintenance and construction of county roads, when such equipment is not in use upon the roads under the jurisdiction of the board, and may charge for the use thereof a rental, and arrange the basis of compensation, in keeping with the general conditions prevailing in the county in which the transaction is made.

The board of supervisors may restrict the use of, or close, any county highway whenever the board considers such closing or restriction of use necessary:

No liability shall attach to the county, or to the board of supervisors, for the restriction of use, or closing, of any county highway for the above public purposes.

This section does not constitute a change in, but is declaratory of, the pre-existing law.

The board of supervisors may delegate the powers contained in Section 942.5 to the county road commissioner.

Such board may:

No bonded indebtedness shall be incurred for any purpose specified in section 943 until after the question of the issue of bonds therefor has been submitted to the qualified electors of the county, at the next general election or at a special election called for that purpose, and two-thirds of the electors of the county voting at such election have voted in favor of issuing such bonds. The election shall be called and held and the bonds, if authorized, shall be issued, sold, and made payable as prescribed by law.

Such boards may expend from the county general fund the moneys necessary to pay the whole or any part of the cost of the improvement of any highway lying within any city in the county, whenever any real property belonging to the county and used for public purposes is included within the assessment district formed to pay for any such improvement. Such expenditures shall not exceed the amount which, but for such public ownership and use, would be properly chargeable to and assessed against such real property under the provisions of the law governing such improvement.

No liability shall be created against the county in connection with any such improvement conducted by a city unless the board, by resolution, determines and declares the amount to be expended and directs that such sum be set apart and reserved out of any moneys available for such purpose in the general fund of the county, to be used exclusively for paying the expense of such improvement.

Every instrument or judgment which constitutes evidence of title to a right of way, or incident thereto, in relation to county highways shall particularly describe the lands included in such right of way or incident.

The board of supervisors of each county shall cause to be recorded with the county recorder, in relation to every county highway within the county, proper evidences of title to every right-of-way, and all incidents thereto. The board of supervisors may, by ordinance, delegate this duty to a county officer or employee.

In cases of acquisitions by conveyance or condemnation, the property or incidents conveyed or condemned shall be particularly described in the instruments recorded.

The board of supervisors may plant shade and ornamental trees on the county highways, and provide for their care. The cost of planting and caring for such trees may be paid from the county general fund.

The board may also encourage, under such regulations as it adopts, the planting and preservation of shade and ornamental trees on the county highways, and may pay a sum not exceeding one dollar to any person planting and cultivating a living tree, payment to be made when the tree is four years of age.

For the purpose of sprinkling county highways with oil or water, the board of supervisors may erect or maintain waterworks, tanks or reservoirs, and may purchase or lease real or personal property therefor.

The board may charge the cost of erecting or maintaining such waterworks, tanks or reservoirs and of such sprinkling to the county general fund, the road fund, or the district fund of any district benefited.

Such board shall cause properly inscribed guideposts to be erected and maintained at all county highway crossings and forks lying outside of any city.

A board of supervisors may, acting separately or in conjunction with State or Federal agencies, or with another county, burn or remove debris, rubbish, brush, and grass from the county highways. When acting in conjunction with other agencies or counties, a board may so act outside its county.

The expense incurred by a county, acting pursuant to this section, shall be paid out of any road fund of the county. When a county is acting in conjunction with another agency or county the share of the expense to be borne by each shall be arrived at by agreement.

All county highways which for a period of five consecutive years are impassable for vehicular travel, and on which during such period of time no public money is expended for maintenance, are unnecessary highways. The board of supervisors of any county on its own motion, or on the petition of any interested taxpayer of the county, may designate such county highway a stock trail. The board of supervisors shall cause notices to be posted upon such stock trails, and also at the entrance of such stock trails, directing all persons to drive all untethered stock thereon.

After a stock trail has been established or designated as provided in this chapter, the county is not liable for death or injury to a vehicle owner or operator or passenger, or for damage to a vehicle or its contents, resulting from a dangerous condition of the stock trail.

Such stock trails shall not be included in the term “maintained mileage of county roads” as that term is used in Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 2100) of Division 3.

Whenever the board of supervisors determines that any real property, or interest therein, acquired by the county for highway purposes is no longer necessary for those purposes, the county may sell or exchange the real property, or interest therein, in the manner and upon the terms and conditions approved by the board of supervisors. Any conveyance under this section shall be executed on behalf of the county by the chairman of the board of supervisors, and the money received for the real property shall be paid into the county treasury to the credit of any fund available for highway purposes, which the board of supervisors designates.

The term “county highway” as used in Sections 954 and 954.5 shall be deemed to include, but not be limited to, any public highway, road, street, avenue, alley, lane, drive, way, place, court, or trail, or any purported county highway, public highway, road, street, avenue, alley, lane, drive, way, place, court, or trail.

The board of supervisors may, by ordinance or resolution, delegate to a county official, subject to rules or regulations as the board may impose, the authority to lease any real property acquired by the county for highway purposes for a renewable term not exceeding three years. Proceeds from the lease of the property shall be paid into the county treasury to the credit of any fund designated by the board of supervisors which is available for highway purposes.

At least five working days prior to entering into a lease under this section, a notice of intention to enter into a lease shall be posted in a public place.

Whenever the board finds that any county highway has been damaged or is in danger of being damaged by storm waters or floods, the board shall adopt all measures necessary to repair or prevent such damage. The board may condemn the right of way for, and may construct, flumes, ditches or canals for the purpose of carrying off such storm waters or floods.

The board may cause any expense incurred under this section to be paid out of the county general fund, or out of the funds of any road districts in which the highways are protected from damage or repaired by the work done.

The board of supervisors shall, by order, direct the district attorney of the county to institute eminent domain proceedings, in the name of the county, whenever it is necessary to acquire real property or any interest therein to do any of the following things for the protection of a county highway:

Whenever a right of way for a highway is conveyed to a county and the sole consideration for the conveyance is an agreement by the county to construct and maintain a highway on the right of way and to construct highway fences on the right of way boundaries, and thereafter such right of way becomes a county highway, the board of supervisors may, within five years from the date of such conveyance, construct highway fences along the boundaries of such right of way.

The board may cause the expense of constructing such fences to be charged to and paid from the county general fund, the road fund of the county or the district fund of each district benefited, but not more than one-half of the expense may be paid from the county general fund.

Whenever a road is of general utility and of public convenience and constitutes the only or principal means of communication between one town or village and another town or village in the same county, the board of supervisors may determine, by a two-thirds vote of its membership, that the public convenience and necessity demand the acquisition and reconstruction of such road. Thereafter, by a resolution passed by a two-thirds vote of its membership, the board may determine to, and after such determination may proceed to, acquire and reconstruct such road although it is not of the width required by Section 906. The board shall charge the expense of such acquisition and reconstruction to the county general fund, the road fund of the county, or the district fund of each district benefited, or to any two or more of such funds in such proportions as the board considers just and equitable.

Such boards may, after they have determined by a resolution adopted by a four-fifths vote of their membership that general county interest demands the improvement or repair of a privately owned road, improve or repair such road in consideration of the grant or lease of a right of way to the county for its own use or the use of the State, any political subdivision or other appropriate public agency for the public purposes specified in the resolution.

Such improvements or repairs shall be made and paid for in like manner as improvements or repairs of county highways.

By the same authorization the board may rent to the owner of land over which such a road has been open to the public for more than five years the machinery and equipment necessary to repair such road and the approaches thereto and any protecting embankments there may be, charging therefor by way of rental the cost of labor and other necessary expenses in addition to a reasonable allowance for depreciation of machinery.

Proceedings under this section shall not cause the road to become a county highway.

Notwithstanding Section 969.5 or any other provision of this code, if a state of local emergency is declared by the board of supervisors as a result of locally heavy rainfall or flood, the board may authorize the expenditure of road funds for the purpose of emergency repairs to public roads which are not county highways and not in the county maintained system, without obtaining a grant or lease of right-of-way, if the repairs are necessary to provide minimum public access necessary for the protection or preservation of health or safety of residents. The county shall not be responsible for the maintenance of any road so repaired, and it shall not be liable for the condition of the road after the emergency repairs are made.

Whenever the board of supervisors or a county officer designated by the board to be in charge of naming county highways finds that a name should be adopted and applied to any county highway, or that the existing name of any county highway should be changed, the board or the designated county officer shall hold a public hearing on the proposed name for, or the change of name of, such highway. Notice of such hearing shall be given by posting notice in at least three public places along the street or streets proposed to be affected, such posting to be complete at least 10 days before the day set for the hearing. At the time set for the hearing or at any time to which the hearing may be continued the board or the designated county officer shall hear and consider proposals to adopt a name for, or change the name of, the highway mentioned in the notice and objections to such proposals. At or after the conclusion of the hearing the board or the designated county officer may adopt a name for, or change the name of, such highway, and upon the adoption or change thereof shall make an order and file said order with the board of supervisors officially designating the name for such highway. Thereafter such highway shall be known by the name so designated.

Any county highway which has not been officially named may be officially named by the board of supervisors or a county officer designated by the board without any hearing, or notice. Such naming shall be by an order duly made and filed with the board of supervisors. Thereafter the highway shall be known by the name thus designated.

A board of supervisors may, by ordinance, permit the use of any county highway which connects with a main county highway of an adjoining county, by the board of supervisors of such adjoining county for the purpose of constructing and maintaining thereon a highway serving the needs of residents of both counties.

The board of the county seeking the use, if it accepts the provisions of the ordinance adopted by the board of the county granting the use, may:

The expense of any work done or acquisition made pursuant to section 973 shall be paid by the county to which the use is granted out of the county general fund, or such other fund of the county as the board designates or makes available.

The board of any county to which the use is granted, pursuant to the provisions of section 972, may, by mutual consent expressed through ordinances of the respective boards, retransfer the use, control, and maintenance of any highway, constructed under the provisions of sections 972 and 973, to the county originally granting the use.

The board of supervisors of any county may purchase or lease with the consent of the owner, or may obtain by gift, and may hold, improve or maintain any real property or interest therein for the uses and purposes of county highways. Such real property or interest need not be within the boundaries of the county acquiring it, if it is convenient thereto in an adjoining county. In all such cases such property or interest is subject to the control of the county acquiring it and to the ordinances, rules, and regulations of such county.

Nothing in this section shall affect the power of any county to acquire property within its boundaries by proceedings in eminent domain in the manner prescribed by law.

The board of supervisors of any county desiring to act under section 976 may, by unanimous vote of its membership, determine what real property is necessary and proper for the uses and purposes of county highways. Any county thus desiring to purchase or lease with the consent of the owner, or to obtain, hold, improve or maintain, real property or an interest therein situated within an adjoining county shall first obtain the consent by resolution of the board of supervisors of the adjoining county.

Whenever the United States government grants real property to a county for highway uses and purposes, the county may take and dispose of such real property and the board of supervisors shall have, with regard to such real property, the powers of management, control and disposition provided by law for other county property.

The board of supervisors shall keep in repair all objects or markers adjacent to a county highway which have been erected to mark registered historical places and shall keep such markers free from all vegetation which may obscure them from view.

Except as provided in this section, the board of supervisors shall have power to temporarily close all or any part of any public highway, road, street, avenue, alley, lane or place and grant the possession and use thereof, together with the management and control thereof, to any person, firm or corporation operating, managing and controlling any exposition or fair in aid of which the granting of public moneys or other things of value has been authorized by the Constitution or laws of this State upon such terms and conditions, and for such periods of time, as the board of supervisors may determine, such possession, use, management and control to terminate not later than one year after the closing of such exposition or fair. As to State highways, the exercise of any power granted hereby shall be subject to the approval of the department.

The board of supervisors may construct, install and maintain cattle guards on or adjacent to the county highways. The cost of constructing, installing, and maintaining such cattle guards may be paid from the general county fund.

The board of supervisors may, under such restrictions, plans and specifications as it may deem proper, permit any property owner to construct, install or maintain at his own expense, cattle guards on or adjacent to any county highway. The construction and maintenance of such cattle guards shall be under the direction and supervision of the board of supervisors, and they may require such bond as they deem proper as a condition of the granting of permission to erect such cattle guard.

Where practical or desirable, the board of supervisors shall, along any highway under its jurisdiction, possession, or control, replace trees that have been destroyed or removed because of projects undertaken to widen the highway.

Money received by county from the Highway Users Tax Fund available for the widening of highways is also available for the planting of trees pursuant to this section.

Before any bridge on a county highway is constructed over any navigable river, the board of supervisors, after a study and public hearing on the question, shall determine and shall prepare a report on the feasibility of providing public access to the river for recreational purposes and a determination as to whether such public access shall be provided.