Article 1 - General

California Health and Safety Code — §§ 1340-1345.5

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Sections (36)

Added by Stats. 1975, Ch. 941.

This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975.

Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 552, Sec. 2. (AB 922) Effective January 1, 2012.

(a)There is in state government, in the California Health and Human Services Agency, a Department of Managed Health Care that has charge of the execution of the laws of this state relating to health care service plans and the health care service plan business including, but not limited to, those laws directing the department to ensure that health care service plans provide enrollees with access to quality health care services and protect and promote the interests of enrollees.
(b)The chief officer of the Department of Managed Health Care is the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care. The director shall be appointed by the Governor and shall hold office at the pleasure

of the Governor. The director shall receive an annual salary as fixed in the Government Code. Within 15 days from the time of the director’s appointment, the director shall take and subscribe to the constitutional oath of office and file it in the office of the Secretary of State.

(c)The director shall be responsible for the performance of all duties, the exercise of all powers and jurisdiction, and the assumption and discharge of all responsibilities vested by law in the department. The director has and may exercise all powers necessary or convenient for the administration and enforcement of, among other laws, the laws described in subdivision (a).

Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 20. Effective January 1, 2001.

The director shall have his or her principal office in the City of Sacramento, and may establish branch offices in the City and County of San Francisco, in the City of Los Angeles, and in the City of San Diego. The director shall from time to time obtain the necessary furniture, stationery, fuel, light, and other proper conveniences for the transaction of the business of the Department of Managed Health Care.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 32. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

The department may use the unexpended balance of funds available for use in connection with the performance of the functions of the Department of Corporations to which the department succeeds pursuant to Section 1341.9.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 33. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

All officers and employees of the Department of Corporations who, on the operative date of this section, are performing any duty, power, purpose, responsibility, or jurisdiction to which the department succeeds, who are serving in the state civil service, other than as temporary employees, and engaged in the performance of a function vested by the department by Section 1341.9, shall be transferred to the department. The status, positions, and rights of those persons shall not be affected by the transfer and shall be retained by those persons as officers and employees of the department, pursuant to the State Civil Service Act (Part 2 (commencing with Section 18500) of Division 5 of Title 2 of the Government Code), except as to positions exempted from civil service.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 34. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

The department shall have possession and control of all records, papers, offices, equipment, supplies, moneys, funds, appropriations, licenses, permits, agreements, contracts, claims, judgments, land, and other property, real or personal, connected with the administration of, or held for the benefit or use of, the Department of Corporations for the performance of the functions transferred to the department by Section 1341.9.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 35. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

All officers or employees of the department employed after the operative date of this section shall be appointed by the director.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 36. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

(a)Any regulation, order, or other action, adopted, prescribed, taken, or performed by the Department of Corporations or by an officer of the Department of Corporations in the administration of a program or the performance of a duty, responsibility, or authorization transferred to the department by Section 1341.9 shall remain in effect and shall be deemed to be a regulation, order, or action of the department.
(b)No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against the Department of Corporations or any other officer of the state, in relation to the administration of any program or the discharge of any duty, responsibility, or authorization transferred to the department by Section 1341.9 shall abate by reason of the transfer of the program, duty, responsibility, or authorization.

Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 21. Effective January 1, 2001.

In accordance with the laws governing the state civil service, the director shall employ and, with the approval of the Department of Finance, fix the compensation of such personnel as the director needs to discharge properly the duties imposed upon the director by law, including, but not limited to, a chief deputy, a public information officer, a chief enforcement counsel, and legal counsel to act as the attorney for the director in actions or proceedings brought by or against the director under or pursuant to any provision of any law under the director’s jurisdiction, or in which the director joins or intervenes as to a matter within the director’s jurisdiction, as a friend of the court or otherwise, and stenographic reporters to take and transcribe the testimony in any formal hearing or investigation before the director or before a person authorized by the director. The personnel of the Department of Managed Health Care shall perform such duties as the director assigns to them. Such employees as the director designates by rule or order shall, within 15 days after their appointments, take and subscribe to the constitutional oath of office and file it in the office of the Secretary of State.

Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 22. Effective January 1, 2001.

The director shall adopt a seal bearing the inscription: “Director, Department of Managed Health Care, State of California.” The seal shall be affixed to or imprinted on all orders and certificates issued by him or her and such other instruments as he or she directs. All courts shall take judicial notice of this seal.

Amended by Stats. 2007, Ch. 577, Sec. 6. Effective October 13, 2007.

(a)In order to effectively support the Department of Managed Health Care in the administration of this law, there is hereby established in the State Treasury, the Managed Care Fund. The administration of the Department of Managed Health Care shall be supported from the Managed Care Fund.
(b)In any fiscal year, the Managed Care Fund shall maintain not more than a prudent 5 percent reserve unless otherwise determined by the Department of Finance.

Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 40, Sec. 11. (SB 159) Effective June 29, 2024.

(a)There is hereby created in the State Treasury the Managed Care Administrative Fines and Penalties Fund.
(b)The fines and administrative penalties collected pursuant to this chapter, on and after September 30, 2008, shall be deposited into the Managed Care Administrative Fines and Penalties Fund.
(c)The fines and administrative penalties deposited into the Managed Care Administrative Fines and Penalties Fund shall be transferred by the department, beginning September 1, 2009, and annually thereafter, as follows:
(1)The first one million dollars ($1,000,000) shall be transferred to the Medically Underserved Account for Physicians

within the Health Professions Education Fund and shall, upon appropriation by the Legislature, be used for the purposes of the Steven M. Thompson Physician Corps Loan Repayment Program, as specified in Article 5 (commencing with Section 128550) or Chapter 5 of Part 3 of Division 107 and, notwithstanding Section 128555, shall not be used to provide funding for the Physician Volunteer Program.

(2)Any amount over the first one million dollars ($1,000,000), including accrued interest, in the fund shall be transferred to the Health Care Services Plan Fines and Penalties Fund created pursuant to Section 15893 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.
(d)Notwithstanding subdivision (b) of Section 1356 and Section 1356.1, the fines and administrative penalties authorized pursuant to this chapter shall not be used to reduce the assessments imposed on health care service plans pursuant to

Section 1356.

(e)The amendments made to this section by the act adding this subdivision shall become operative on July 1, 2014.
(f)The amendments made to this section by the act adding this subdivision shall become operative on July 1, 2017.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 27. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

(a)The director, as a general rule, shall publish or make available for public inspection any information filed with or obtained by the department, unless the director finds that this availability or publication is contrary to law. No provision of this chapter authorizes the director or any of the director’s assistants, clerks, or deputies to disclose any information withheld from public inspection except among themselves or when necessary or appropriate in a proceeding or investigation under this chapter or to other federal or state regulatory agencies. No provision of this chapter either creates or derogates from any privilege that exists at common law or otherwise when documentary or other evidence is sought under a subpoena directed to the director or any of his or her assistants, clerks, or deputies.
(b)It is unlawful for the director or any of his or her assistants, clerks, or deputies to use for personal benefit any information that is filed with or obtained by the director and that is not then generally available to the public.

Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 23. Effective January 1, 2001.

(a)The Attorney General shall render to the director opinions upon all questions of law, relating to the construction or interpretation of any law under the director’s jurisdiction or arising in the administration thereof, that may be submitted to the Attorney General by the director and upon the director’s request shall act as the attorney for the director in actions and proceedings brought by or against the director under or pursuant to any provision of any law under the director’s jurisdiction.
(b)Sections 11041, 11042, and 11043 of the Government Code do not apply to the Director of the Department of Managed Health Care.

Amended by Stats. 2000, Ch. 857, Sec. 24. Effective January 1, 2001.

(a)Neither the director nor any of the director’s assistants, clerks, or deputies shall be interested as a director, officer, shareholder, member other than a member of an organization formed for religious purposes, partner, agent, or employee of any person who, during the period of the official’s or employee’s association with the Department of Managed Health Care, was licensed or applied for a license as a health care service plan under this chapter.
(b)Nothing contained in subdivision (a) shall prohibit the holdings or purchasing of any securities by the director, an assistant, clerk, or deputy in accordance with rules which shall be adopted for the purpose of protecting the public interest and avoiding conflicts of interest.
(c)Nothing in this section shall prohibit or preclude the director or any of the director’s assistants, clerks, or deputies or any employee of the Department of Managed Health Care from obtaining health care services as a subscriber or an enrollee from a plan licensed under this chapter, subject to any rules that may be adopted hereunder or pursuant to proper authority.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 30. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

The director shall have the powers of a head of a department pursuant to Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11150) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. The director may make the agreements that he or she deems necessary or appropriate in exercising his or her powers.

Added by Stats. 1999, Ch. 525, Sec. 31. Effective January 1, 2000. Operative July 1, 2000, or sooner, by Sec. 214 of Ch. 525.

The director and department succeed to, and are vested with, all duties, powers, purposes, responsibilities, and jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Corporations and the Department of Corporations as they relate to the Department of Corporations’ Health Plan Program, health care service plans, and the health care service plan business, including those powers and duties specified in this chapter. Nothing in this section abrogates, limits, diminishes, or otherwise restricts the duties, powers, purposes, responsibilities, and jurisdictions of the Commissioner of Corporations and the Department of Corporations under the Investment Program, the Financial Services Program, and the other laws in which jurisdiction is vested in the Commissioner of Corporations and the Department of Corporations.

Amended by Stats. 2002, Ch. 797, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 2003.

It is the intent and purpose of the Legislature to promote the delivery and the quality of health and medical care to the people of the State of California who enroll in, or subscribe for the services rendered by, a health care service plan or specialized health care service plan by accomplishing all of the following:

(a)Ensuring the continued role of the professional as the determiner of the patient’s health needs which fosters the traditional relationship of trust and confidence between the patient and the professional.
(b)Ensuring that subscribers and enrollees are educated and informed of the benefits and services available in order to enable a rational consumer choice in the marketplace.
(c)Prosecuting malefactors who make fraudulent solicitations or who use deceptive methods, misrepresentations, or practices which are inimical to the general purpose of enabling a rational choice for the consumer public.
(d)Helping to ensure the best possible health care for the public at the lowest possible cost by transferring the financial risk of health care from patients to providers.
(e)Promoting effective representation of the interests of subscribers and enrollees.
(f)Ensuring the financial stability thereof by means of proper regulatory procedures.
(g)Ensuring that subscribers and enrollees receive available and accessible health and medical services rendered in a manner providing continuity of care.
(h)Ensuring that subscribers and enrollees have their grievances expeditiously and thoroughly reviewed by the department.

Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 105, Sec. 15. (AB 144) Effective September 17, 2025.

(a)Notwithstanding any other law, a health care service plan contract that covers medical, surgical, and hospital benefits, excluding a specialized health care service plan contract, shall cover the costs for COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing and health care services related to diagnostic and screening testing approved or granted emergency use authorization by the federal Food and Drug Administration for COVID-19, regardless of whether the services are provided by an in-network or out-of-network provider. Coverage required by this section shall not be subject to copayment, coinsurance, deductible, or any other form of cost sharing. Services related to COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing include, but are not limited to, hospital or health care provider office visits for the purposes of receiving testing,

products related to testing, the administration of testing, and items and services furnished to an enrollee as part of testing. Services related to COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing do not include bonus payments for the use of specialized equipment or expedited processing.

(1)To the extent a health care provider would have been entitled to receive cost sharing but for this section, the health care service plan shall reimburse the health care provider the amount of that lost cost sharing.
(2)A health care service plan contract shall not impose prior authorization or any other utilization management requirements on COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing.
(3)With respect to an enrollee, a health care service plan shall reimburse the provider of the testing according to either of the following:
(A)If the health plan has a specifically negotiated rate for COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing with such provider in effect before the public health emergency declared under Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 247d), such negotiated rate shall apply throughout the period of such declaration.
(B)If the health plan does not have a specifically negotiated rate for COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing with such provider, the plan may negotiate a rate with such provider.
(4)For an out-of-network provider with whom a health care service plan does not have a specifically negotiated rate for COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing and health care services related to testing, a plan shall reimburse the provider for all testing items or services in an amount that is reasonable, as

determined in comparison to prevailing market rates for testing items or services in the geographic region where the item or service is rendered. An out-of-network provider shall accept this payment as payment in full, shall not seek additional remuneration from an enrollee for services related to testing, and shall not report adverse information to a consumer credit reporting agency or commence civil action against the enrollee.

(5)Beginning six months after the federal public health emergency expires, a health care service plan shall no longer be required to cover the cost sharing for COVID-19 diagnostic and screening testing and health care services related to testing when delivered by an out-of-network provider, except as otherwise required by law. All other requirements of this subdivision shall remain in effect after the federal public health emergency expires.
(6)Changes

to a contract between a health care service plan and a provider delegating financial risk for diagnostic and screening testing related to a declared public health emergency shall be considered a material change to the parties’ contract. A health care service plan shall not delegate the financial risk to a contracted provider for the cost of enrollee services provided under this section unless the parties have negotiated and agreed upon a new provision of the parties’ contract pursuant to Section 1375.7.

(b)(1) A health care service plan contract that covers medical, surgical, and hospital benefits shall cover without cost sharing any item, service, or immunization that is intended to prevent or mitigate COVID-19 and that is either of the following with respect to the individual enrollee:

(A) An evidence-based item or service that

had in effect on January 1, 2025, a rating of “A” or “B” in the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task

Force or any modification or supplement to that recommendation adopted pursuant to Section 120164.

(B) An immunization that had in effect on January 1, 2025 a recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or any modification or supplement to that recommendation adopted pursuant to Section 120164, regardless of whether the immunization is recommended for routine use.

(2)The item, service, or immunization covered pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be covered upon operation of the act that amended this subdivision.
(3)Any modification or supplement to the recommendations described in paragraph (1) shall be covered or removed from coverage no later than 15 business days after the date on which the State Department of Public Health publishes the updated recommendations pursuant to Section 120164.
(4)(A) A health care service plan subject to this subdivision shall not impose any cost-sharing requirements, including a copayment, coinsurance, or deductible, for any item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1), regardless of whether such service is delivered by an in-network or out-of-network provider.
(B)To the extent a health care provider would have been entitled to receive cost sharing but for this section, the health care service plan shall reimburse the health care provider the amount of that lost cost sharing.
(C)With respect to an enrollee, a health care service plan shall reimburse the provider of the immunization according to either of the following:
(i)If the health plan has a negotiated rate with such provider in effect before the public health emergency declared under Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 247d), such negotiated rate shall apply throughout the period of such declaration.

(ii) If the health plan does not have a negotiated rate with such provider, the plan may negotiate a rate with such provider.

(D) A health care service plan shall not impose cost sharing for any items or services that are necessary for the furnishing of an item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1), including, but not limited to, provider office visits and vaccine administration,

regardless of whether the service is delivered by an in-network or out-of-network provider.

(E) (i) For an out-of-network provider with whom a health care service plan does not have a negotiated rate for an item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1), a health care service plan shall reimburse the provider for all related items or services, including any items or services that are necessary for the furnishing of an item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1), in an amount that is reasonable, as determined in comparison to prevailing market rates for such items or services in the geographic region in which the item or service is rendered. An out-of-network provider shall accept this payment as payment in full, shall not seek additional remuneration from an enrollee, and shall not report adverse information to a consumer credit reporting agency or commence civil action against the enrollee for

items, services, and immunizations described in subdivision (b), including any items or services that are necessary for the furnishing of an item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1).

(ii) Beginning six months after the federal public health emergency expires, a health care service plan shall no longer be required to cover the cost sharing for any item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1) and to cover items or services that are necessary for the furnishing of the items, services, or immunizations described in paragraph (1) when delivered by an out-of-network provider, except as otherwise required by law. All other requirements of this section shall remain in effect after the federal public health emergency expires.

(5)A health care service plan subject to this subdivision shall not impose prior authorization or any other utilization management requirements on any item, service, or immunization described in paragraph (1) or to items or services that are necessary for the furnishing of the items, services, or immunizations described in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (3).
(6)Changes to a contract between a health care service plan and a provider delegating financial risk for immunization related to a declared public

health emergency, shall be considered a material change to the parties’ contract. A health plan shall not delegate the financial risk to a contracted provider for the cost of enrollee services provided under this section unless the parties have negotiated and agreed upon a new provision of the parties’ contract pursuant to Section 1375.7.

(c)The director may issue guidance to health care service plans regarding compliance with this section. This guidance shall not be subject to the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code). The department shall consult with the Department of Insurance in issuing the guidance specified in this subdivision.
(d)This section, excluding subdivision (h), shall apply retroactively beginning from the Governor’s declared State of Emergency related to the SARS-CoV-2

(COVID-19) pandemic on March 4, 2020. Notwithstanding Section 1390, this subdivision does not create criminal liability for transactions that occurred before January 1, 2022.

(e)For purposes of this section:
(1)“Diagnostic testing” means all of the following:
(A)Testing intended to identify current or past infection and performed when a person has signs or symptoms consistent with COVID-19, or when a person is asymptomatic but has recent known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
(B)Testing a person with symptoms consistent with COVID-19.
(C)Testing a person as a result of contact tracing efforts.
(D)Testing a person

who indicates that they were exposed to someone with a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19.

(E)Testing a person after an individualized clinical assessment by a licensed health care provider.
(2)“Screening testing” means tests that are intended to identify people with COVID-19 who are asymptomatic and do not have known, suspected, or reported exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Screening testing helps to identify unknown cases so that measures can be taken to prevent further transmission. Screening testing includes all of the following:
(A)Workers in a workplace setting.
(B)Pupils, faculty,

and staff in a school setting.

(C)A person before or after travel.
(D)At home for someone who does not have symptoms associated with COVID-19 and does not have a known exposure to someone with COVID-19.
(f)This section does not relieve a health care service plan from continuing to cover testing as required by federal law and guidance.
(g)The department shall hold health care service plans accountable for timely access to services required under this section and coverage requirements established under federal law, regulations, or guidelines.
(h)(1) This subdivision applies to a health care service plan contract issued, amended, or renewed on or after the operative

date of this subdivision that covers medical, surgical, and hospital benefits, excluding a specialized health care service plan contract, with respect to therapeutics for COVID-19 covered under the contract, which shall include therapeutics approved or granted emergency use authorization by the federal Food and Drug Administration for treatment of COVID-19 when prescribed or furnished by a licensed health care provider acting within their scope of practice and the standard of care.

(2)A health care service plan shall reimburse a provider for the therapeutics described in paragraph (1) at the specifically negotiated rate for those therapeutics, if the plan and provider have negotiated a rate. If the plan does not have a negotiated rate with a provider, the plan may negotiate a rate with the provider.
(3)For an out-of-network provider with whom a health care service plan does not

have a negotiated rate for the therapeutics described in paragraph (1), a health care service plan shall reimburse the provider for the therapeutics in an amount that is reasonable, as determined in comparison to prevailing market rates for the therapeutics in the geographic region in which the therapeutic was delivered. An out-of-network provider shall accept this payment as payment in full, shall not seek additional remuneration from an enrollee, and shall not report adverse information to a consumer credit reporting agency or commence civil action against the enrollee for therapeutics described in this subdivision.

(4)A health care service plan shall cover COVID-19 therapeutics without cost sharing, regardless of whether the therapeutics are provided by an in-network or out-of-network provider, and without utilization management. If a provider would have been entitled to receive cost sharing but for this section, the health care service

plan shall reimburse the provider for the amount of that lost cost sharing. A provider shall accept this payment as payment in full, shall not seek additional remuneration from an enrollee, and shall not report adverse information to a consumer credit reporting agency or commence civil action against the enrollee for therapeutics pursuant to this subdivision.

(5)Beginning six months after the federal public health emergency expires, a health care service plan shall no longer be required to cover the cost sharing for COVID-19 therapeutics delivered by an out-of-network provider, unless otherwise required by law. All other requirements of this subdivision shall remain in effect after the federal public health emergency expires.
(6)This section does not apply to a Medi-Cal managed care plan that contracts with the State Department of Health Care Services pursuant to Chapter 7

(commencing with Section 14000) and Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 14200) of Part 3 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.

Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 105, Sec. 16. (AB 144) Effective September 17, 2025.

(a)A health care service plan contract that covers medical, surgical, and hospital benefits, excluding a specialized health care service plan contract, shall cover, without cost sharing and without prior authorization or other utilization management, the costs of the following health care services to prevent or mitigate a disease when the Governor of the State of California has declared a public health emergency due to that disease:
(1)An evidence-based item, service, or immunization that is intended to prevent or mitigate a disease and that is either of the following:
(A)An item or service that, as of January 1, 2025, had in effect a rating of “A” or “B” in the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force, or any modification or supplement to that recommendation adopted pursuant to Section 120164.
(B)An immunization that, as of January 1, 2025, had in effect a recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or any modification or supplement to that recommendation adopted pursuant to Section 120164.
(2)A health care service or product related to diagnostic and screening testing for the disease that is approved or granted emergency use authorization by the federal Food and Drug Administration, or is recommended by the State Department of Public Health or the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(3)Therapeutics approved or granted emergency use authorization by the federal Food and Drug Administration for the disease.
(b)(1) The item, service, or immunization covered pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) shall be covered upon operation of the act that added this paragraph.
(2)Any modification or supplement to the recommendations described in subparagraphs (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) shall be covered or removed from coverage no later than 15 business days after the date on which the State Department of Public Health publishes the updated recommendations pursuant to Section 120164.
(c)For purposes of this section, “health care service plan” includes a Medi-Cal managed care plan that

contracts with the State Department of Health Care Services pursuant to Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 14000) and Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 14200) of Part 3 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. The State Department of Health Care Services shall seek any federal approvals it deems necessary to implement this section. This section applies to a Medi-Cal managed care plan contract only to the extent that the State Department of Health Care Services obtains any necessary federal approvals, and federal financial participation under the Medi-Cal program is available and not otherwise jeopardized.

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